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癌症干细胞 BMPR1B
名词解释：
癌症干细胞
许多年前，美国密歇根大学癌症中心就已经假设，癌症可能是来自于干细胞。因为从肿瘤发生
的条件来看，干细胞的确是癌变基因的理想萌生处和持久的载体。首先肿瘤发生在某个细胞上需要这个细胞具有不断分裂的能力,而且该细胞的基因突变不会因为组织更新而丢失；其次，发生基因突变的肿瘤细胞必须能保持在体内，这样看来，高度分化的组织特异性细胞不会是肿瘤的始作俑者，因为它们终究会走向凋亡，而具有长久活力的干细胞很可能是肿瘤发生的元凶。
多伦多大学的约翰迪克和同事们1997年率先在白血病中找到癌症干细胞。2003年，斯坦福大学的迈克尔克拉克博士发现可以用细胞表面的标记蛋白将肿瘤细胞分成两类，将两类蛋白分别注入老鼠的乳腺中，第一类肿瘤细胞（有标记蛋白）虽然只占整个细胞数量的极小部分，但却能引起肿瘤发生，第二类肿瘤细胞占整个细胞的绝大多数，却不能引起肿瘤发生。继续重复上述实验，可以发现有蛋白标记的第一类肿瘤细胞在每一代都可以引起新的肿瘤发生。进一步研究发现，这些细胞类似于成体干细胞，有着分裂增殖，自我更新，以及分化成其他细胞的能力，因此被命名为肿瘤干细胞。2004年，多伦多大学的彼得德克斯博士在人类脑肿瘤中找到与干细胞相似的细胞。2005年，佛罗里达大学的帕克吉布斯博士也表示在骨癌中发现类似干细胞的细胞。
附：
Howard Alan Fine, M.D., Senior Investigator
Dr. Fine received his B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania and his M.D. from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York. After medical internship and residency at the University of Pennsylvania, he completed a fellowship in medical oncology at the Harvard Medical School's Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, MA. Dr. Fine received the NCI Director's Gold Star Award in 2004, the Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center's Clinical Investigator Award in 1999 and the Emil Frei III Clinical Investigator Award in 1993. As a former director of both the Neuro-Oncology Disease Center at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Neuro-Oncology Program at the Harvard Cancer Center, he joined the NCI's Center for Cancer Research in 2000 to help establish its Neuro-Oncology Branch. As chief of the Neuro-Oncology Branch, Dr. Fine's lab focuses on angiogenesis, glioma molecular genetics, and neural stem cell biology.
Selected Recent Publications:
Purow BW, Haque RM, Noel MW, Qin S, Burdick MJ, Jeongwu L, Dragan M, Tilak S, Pastorino S, Mikolaenko I, Eberhart CG, Fine HA (InPress) Expression of Notch-1 and its ligands, Delta-like-1 and Jagged-1, is critical for glioma cell survival and proliferation, Cancer Research.
Fine HA. (InPress) Targeted therapies for malignant gliomas, Nature Review Drug Discovery, .
Anderson SA, Glod J, Arbab As, Noel N. Asharia P, Fine HA, Frank JA. (2005) . Non-invasive MR imaging of magnetically labeled stem cells to directly identify neovasculature in a glioma model. , Blood 105, 420-425.
Chen W, Lee J, Cho S. Fine HA. (2004) . Proteosome-mediated destruction of the cyclin A/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 complex suppresses tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. , Cancer Research 64(11), 3949-57.
Hui AM, Zhang W, Chen W, Xi D, Purow B, Friedman GC, Fine HA. (2004) Agents with selective estrogen receptor modulator activity induce apoptosis in vitro and in vivo in estrogen receptor-negative glioma cells., Cancer Research 64, 9115-9123.
Sun L, Lee J, Fine HA. (2004) Neuronally expressed stem cell factor induces neural stem cell migration to areas of brain injury, J Clin Invest . 113(9), 1364-1374.
Fine HA, Wen PY, Maher EA, Viscosi E, Batchelor T, Lakhani N, Figg WD, Purow BW, Borkowf CB. (2003) . A phase II trial of Thalidomide and BCNU for patients with recurrent high grade gliomas., J. Clin Oncol 21(12), 2299-304.
