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ubiquitin-selective AAA-ATPase mediates transcriptional switching by remodelling a repressor–promoter DNA complex
Alexander J. Wilcox1 & Jeffrey D. Laney1
Switches between different phenotypes and their underlying states of gene transcription occur as cells respond to intrinsic developmental cues or adapt to changing environmental conditions. Post-translational modification of the master regulatory transcription factors that define the initial phenotype is a common strategy to direct such transitions. Emerging evidence indicates that the modification of key transcription factors by the small polypeptide ubiquitin has a central role in many of these transitions1, 2. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ubiquitylation regulates the switching of promoters between active and inactive states are largely unknown. Ubiquitylation of the yeast transcriptional repressor 2 is necessary to evoke the transition between mating-types3, and here we dissect the impact of this modification on 2 dynamics at its target promoters. Ubiquitylation of 2 does not alter DNA occupancy by depleting the existing pool of the transcription factor, despite its well-characterized function in directing repressor turnover. Rather, 2 ubiquitylation has a direct role in the rapid removal of the repressor from its DNA targets. This disassembly of 2 from DNA depends on the ubiquitin-selective AAA-ATPase Cdc48. Our findings expand the functional targets of Cdc48 to include active transcriptional regulatory complexes in the nucleus. These data reveal an ubiquitin-dependent extraction pathway for dismantling transcription factor–DNA complexes and provide an archetype for the regulation of transcriptional switching events by ubiquitylation.
Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Box G-L2, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
