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The cells and peripheral representation of sodium taste in mice
Jayaram Chandrashekar1,4, Christina Kuhn2,5, Yuki Oka1,5,4, David A. Yarmolinsky1,4, Edith Hummler3, Nicholas J. P. Ryba2 & Charles S. Zuker1,4
1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Neurobiology and Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0649, USA
3 National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
3 Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Biology and Medicine,
4 University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
5 These authors contributed equally to this work.
Salt taste in mammals can trigger two divergent behavioural responses. In general, concentrated saline solutions elicit robust behavioural aversion, whereas low concentrations of NaCl are typically attractive, particularly after sodium depletion1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Notably, the attractive salt pathway is selectively responsive to sodium and inhibited by amiloride, whereas the aversive one functions as a non-selective detector for a wide range of salts1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9. Because amiloride is a potent inhibitor of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), ENaC has been proposed to function as a component of the salt-taste-receptor system1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Previously, we showed that four of the five basic taste qualities—sweet, sour, bitter and umami—are mediated by separate taste-receptor cells (TRCs) each tuned to a single taste modality, and wired to elicit stereotypical behavioural responses5, 15, 16, 17, 18. Here we show that sodium sensing is also mediated by a dedicated population of TRCs. These taste cells express the epithelial sodium channel ENaC19, 20, and mediate behavioural attraction to NaCl. We genetically engineered mice lacking ENaCα in TRCs, and produced animals exhibiting a complete loss of salt attraction and sodium taste responses. Together, these studies substantiate independent cellular substrates for all five basic taste qualities, and validate the essential role of ENaC for sodium taste in mice.
