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Fully functional hair follicle regeneration through the rearrangement of stem cells and their niches
Koh-ei Toyoshima, Kyosuke Asakawa, Naoko Ishibashi, Hiroshi Toki, Miho Ogawa, Tomoko Hasegawa, Tarou Irié, Tetsuhiko Tachikawa, Akio Sato, Akira Takeda & Takashi Tsuji
Cholesterol regulates the signaling of μ-opioid receptor in cell models, but has not been demonstrated in mice or humans. In addition, whether cholesterol regulates the signaling by mechanism other than supporting the entirety lipid raft microdomains is still unknown. By modulating cholesterol-enriched lipid raft microdomains and/or total cellular cholesterol contents in human embryonic kidney cells stably expressing μ-opioid receptor, it is concluded that cholesterol stabilized opioid signaling both by supporting the lipid raft's entirety and by facilitating G protein coupling in heterologous expression system. Similar phenomena were also observed in the primary rat hippocampal neurons. In addition, reducing the brain cholesterol level with simvastatin impaired the analgesia effect of opioids in mice, whereas opioid analgesic effect was enhanced in mice fed with high-cholesterol diet. Furthermore, when the records of patients were analyzed, an inverse correlation between cholesterol levels and fentanyl doses used for anesthesia was identified, which suggested the mechanisms above could also be applicable in humans. Current results identified the interaction between opioids and cholesterol, which should be considered in clinic as a probable route for drug-drug interaction. The studies also suggested that low cholesterol level could lead to clinical issues such as the observed impairment in opioid functions.
