西亚试剂：further verify the antimicrobial activity of SWNTs

To further verify the antimicrobial activity of SWNTs and the validity of the area-based determination of microbial viability, we prepared a SWNT-coated filter (details in Supporting Information). E. coli cells were gently filtered so that they would accumulate on the top of the SWNT-coated filter and could be enumerated as individual cells. Results showed that 86.8 ± 6.8% of the cells (number-based) on the SWNT-coated filter were stained with PI after the 60 min incubation (Figure 2d). This finding is in agreement with the previously described results of cells interacting with the suspended SWNT aggregates. The results also confirm that direct contact between E. coli and SWNTs is necessary for the inactivation of the model bacteria.

To further confirm the antimicrobial activity of SWNTs based on PI staining (indicative of cells with damaged or compromised membranes), we assessed the metabolic activity of cells exposed to SWNTs with 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl-tetrazolium chloride (CTC).19 We found that only 6.6 ± 4.7% of cells were stained with CTC (i.e., metabolically active) whereas the majority of cells (74.0 ± 7.3%) on the PVDF membrane with no SWNTs (serving as a control) were metabolically active.

We then determined changes in the morphology of E. coli cells exposed to SWNTs. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the cells in the control (without SWNTs) were intact and maintained their outer membrane structure (Figure 3a). In contrast, cells that were incubated with SWNTs lost their cellular integrity (Figure 3b). The morphological change of SWNT-treated cells is attributable to cell membrane damage as discussed below.

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