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An Essential Role for 14-3-3 Proteins in Brassinosteroid Signal Transduction in Arabidopsis
Srinivas S. Gampala,1 Tae-Wuk Kim,1 Jun-Xian He,1 Wenqiang Tang,1 Zhiping Deng,1 Mingyi-Yi Bai,2 Shenheng Guan,3 Sylvie Lalonde,1 Ying Sun,1,4 Joshua M. Gendron,1,5 Huanjing Chen,1 Nakako Shibagaki,1 Robert J. Ferl,6 David Ehrhardt,1 Kang Chong,2 Alma L. Burlingame,3 and Zhi-Yong Wang1,
1 Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
2 Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
3 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
4 Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050016, China
5 Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
6 Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
Corresponding author
Zhi-Yong Wang
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential hormones for plant growth and development. BRs regulate gene expression by inducing dephosphorylation of two key transcription factors, BZR1 and BZR2/BES1, through a signal transduction pathway that involves cell-surface receptors (BRI1 and BAK1) and a GSK3 kinase (BIN2). How BR-regulated phosphorylation controls the activities of BZR1/BZR2 is not fully understood. Here, we show that BIN2-catalyzed phosphorylation of BZR1/BZR2 not only inhibits DNA binding, but also promotes binding to the 14-3-3 proteins. Mutations of a BIN2-phosphorylation site in BZR1 abolish 14-3-3 binding and lead to increased nuclear localization of BZR1 protein and enhanced BR responses in transgenic plants. Further, BR deficiency increases cytoplasmic localization, and BR treatment induces rapid nuclear localization of BZR1/BZR2. Thus, 14-3-3 binding is required for efficient inhibition of phosphorylated BR transcription factors, largely through cytoplasmic retention. This study demonstrates that multiple mechanisms are required for BR regulation of gene expression and plant growth.
