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Noninvasive method for assessing the human circadian clock using hair follicle cells
Makoto Akashi a , 1 , Haruhiko Soma b , Takuro Yamamoto b , Asuka Tsugitomi c , Shiko Yamashita b , Takuya Yamamoto d , Eisuke Nishida d , Akio Yasuda b , James K. Liao e , and Koichi Node c
aResearch Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan;
bLife Science Laboratory, Advanced Materials Laboratories, Sony Corporation, 5-1-12 Kitashinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0001, Japan;
cDepartment of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga 849-8501, Japan;
dDepartment of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; and
eVascular Medicine Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139
A thorough understanding of the circadian clock requires qualitative evaluation of circadian clock gene expression. Thus far, no simple and effective method for detecting human clock gene expression has become available. This limitation has greatly hampered our understanding of human circadian rhythm. Here we report a convenient, reliable, and less invasive method for detecting human clock gene expression using biopsy samples of hair follicle cells from the head or chin. We show that the circadian phase of clock gene expression in hair follicle cells accurately reflects that of individual behavioral rhythms, demonstrating that this strategy is appropriate for evaluating the human peripheral circadian clock. Furthermore, using this method, we indicate that rotating shift workers suffer from a serious time lag between circadian gene expression rhythms and lifestyle. Qualitative evaluation of clock gene expression in hair follicle cells, therefore, may be an effective approach for studying the human circadian clock in the clinical setting.
